Brief Variation RS-fourteen
When searching for a useful and you may legitimate instrument, not only you’ll need for more populations also the spot where the advised foundation build might be verified, one or two big needs was into the attract. “New RS-14 shows the new brevity, readability, and you may ease of rating that have been defined as extremely important services whenever choosing tools for usage which have teens” (Pritzker and Minter, 2014, p. 332). The fresh RS-fourteen “also render specifics of the newest development and you will profile off resilience using a widely available measure of resilience which often commonly allow comparisons which have earlier and you may coming lookup,” and therefore “can give support proof that it’s a great psychometrically sound scale to evaluate individual strength into the a long time of kids and you can young people” (Wagnild, 2009a; Pritzker and you may Minter, 2014).
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Searching for significantly more economic version of one’s Strength Scale, coming down conclusion time, and you may developing significantly more specifically for fool around with with young people, Wagnild (2009a) changed the new RS-25 to14 issues. The brand new brief “RS-fourteen level contains 14 mind-report affairs counted with each other a beneficial seven-section get size anywhere between ‘1-strongly disagree’ to ‘7-strongly agree.’ Highest results was indicative regarding resilience height. Depending on the authors, results try calculated because of the a conclusion out-of reaction values for every single items, ergo providing score to help you vary from fourteen in order to 98.” Score less than 65 mean reasonable resilience; ranging from 65 and you will 81 show average strength; above 81 might be translated due to the fact high degrees of strength (Wagnild and you will Younger, 1993; Wagnild, 2009b, 2014).
Using principal components analyses supported a single-factor solution; remaining in the RS-14 scale were those items with all item factor loadings >0.40. Reported psychometric properties of the RS-14 have demonstrated sound psychometric properties comparable to those of the RS-25: evidence of a one-factor structure was found and high reliability (coefficient Cronbach’s alpha = 0.90 and greater 0.96) and a strong correlation with the full version (r = 0.97, p = 0.001) were obtained (Wagnild, 2014). The overall factorability of the RS-14 demonstrated a robust one-factor measure of resilience, which has been replicated and has been confirmed in different studies and in the adaptations of this version for different countries (Wagnild, 2014). For instance: German ? = 0.91 (Schumacher et al., 2005); Portugal ? = 0.82 (Oliveira et al., 2015); Finland mousemingle indirim kodu? = 0.87 (Losoi et al., 2013); Japan ? = 0.88 (Nishi et al., 2010); China ? = 0.92 (Tian and Hong, 2013); Korean ? = 0.90 (Kwon and Kwon, 2014); Spain ? = 0.79 (Heilemann et al., 2003); Italian ? = 0.88 (Callegari et al., 2016); and Greek ? = 0.89 (Ntountoulaki et al., 2017). (2012) “examined the measurement invariance of the RS?14 in samples of U.S., Chinese, and Taiwanese college students and supported a one-factor model that demonstrated scalar invariance across cultures” (Yang et al., 2012). The short version RS-14 has been tested regarding its structure and it was found that results are not always totally consistent. Some discrepancies exist between findings of different studies; for instance the Brazilian version with 13 items (Damasio et al., 2011) or 12 items in the Portuguese adaptation for adolescents (Oliveira et al., 2015), and in the German Version 11 items (Schumacher et al., 2005). These discrepancies can eventually result from sampling issues: some studies used participants from very different developmental phases (Damasio et al., 2011), and others used participants <13 years old, an option that is not appropriate given that the authors of the RS advise against the use of the scale with participants from earlier ages (Wagnild, 2009b; Pritzker and Minter, 2014).